Sodium-metal batteries could be competitive against Li-metal batteries, but their applications depend on the stability of electrolytes against sodium-metal anodes and cathodes simultaneously. Here, we propose hybrid solvating electrolytes (HSEs), composed of both strongly and weakly solvating solvents of sodium salts, to tune the solubility, solvation structure, and electrochemical decomposition properties. Fifty HSEs are prepared using the pre-screened candidate molecules, validating the mixture selection requirements and correlations between salt/solvent types and their mixture-dependent performance, including oxidative stability, Coulombic efficiency, and cycling overpotential. A model hybrid solvent formed by mixing weakly solvating N,N-dimethyltrifluoromethane sulfonamide (DMTMSA) with strongly solvating tetrahydrofuran (THF) demonstrates strong beyond-rule-of-mixture effects, showing extraordinarily stable cycling performance against Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na0.44MnO2 cathodes and Na-metal anode. Spectroscopic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations reflect the corresponding change in ion-dipole interaction and solvation structures. The strong-weak hybrid solvating principle for electrolyte design enables practical alkali-metal batteries.
W.C. and J.L. acknowledge the support by Honda R&D. D.W. acknowledges the financial support of the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, under the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program, of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357, subcontract no. 9F-60231. J.K.P. acknowledges the support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. 2141064. C.O.P.-R. acknowledges the support from MIT Energy Initiative. The characterization equipment used in this project is partly from MIT.nano Characterization Facilities at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
