This article presents a 1984-pixel retinal prosthesis (RP) chip with time-domain in-pixel image processing. The proposed time-domain image processing (TDIP) algorithm efficiently generates the edge-extracted stimulation and significantly reduces the stimulus power consumption. For the area- and power-efficient time-domain processing, a leakage current-based pulsewidth comparator (PWC) and its control scheme are also proposed. The proposed RP chip adopts the bipolar stimulation-based local return that minimizes image dispersion and a sequence control scheme that produces 1984 stimulation points with 1024 electrodes. The RP chip was implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process and achieved a power consumption of 1.26 nW/pixel, which is × 44.7 better than the previous state-of-the-art image processing RP chip.
